【内容提要】
张泰苏 |“亚洲语境下的比较法律史”专辑前言暨本期内容提要
Asian Journal of Law and Society Vol. 11 No. 3 (2024)
“亚洲语境下的比较法律史”专辑前言
耶鲁大学法学院教授,Asian Journal of Lawand Society编委会成员、本专辑客座主编
法律史研究一直面临某种身份认同的困境。作为法学和史学研究的交叉领域,它自然地融合了两个领域的特点:承袭史学的档案考据与史料分析传统,沿袭法学以法律功能与意义为核心的分析取向。使问题更趋复杂的是,过去数十年间,法律史研究的主导趋势已明确转向社会科学的学科交叉。社会学、政治学、经济学及批判理论等领域的理论与方法,在塑造法学学者的历史研究架构方面发挥了重要作用。由此,法律史如今成为历史研究中最具跨学科特质的领域之一,是多重知识传统重叠交互的枢纽。一方面,这种学科特质在智识层面是令人振奋且内涵丰富的;但另一方面,它也使得法律史难以轻易界定自身的核心范式与学科边界。当然,将这一领域凝聚在一起的是对法律与法律制度的共同关切,但除此之外,这一领域仍呈现出令人困惑的多维性。
与此同时,跨越时间与空间的比较分析,已成为过去几十年来法律史研究的一个重要主题。这一趋势的形成,部分源于法律及其制度形态的相对规范性。“法律是国家颁布的正式规则”这一核心概念,使得法律在截然不同的历史语境中仍具有某种程度的共性。中国汉朝与罗马帝国在社会或政治层面几乎毫无共通之处,但它们的法律在功能与形式上却存在一定的相似性,这使得汉律与罗马法的比较研究变得直观易懂。优秀的比较分析通常要求比较对象具备足够的共性,从而使它们的差异在分析上具有意义。法律的相对规范化形式天生能够提供这种共性,或许比社会政治分析中的许多其他核心概念——如国家、社会、经济、宗教等——更能胜任这一角色。
此次法律史专辑所收录的论文,充分体现了上述特质。一方面,这些论文深度涉足并投诸历史材料上的那些问题、方法与智识框架,远超其直接的认知边界。当这些论文试图界定法律知识的内涵、理解言论自由的社会政治功能,或对监察与巡察职能进行比较型思考时,它们不得不采用源自外部领域的概念框架与理论模型,并将其嫁接到历史素材中。这种与外部理论的显著联系,使得近乎所有这些文章有别于大多数纯历史期刊所发表的文章。然而它们所援引的外部理论却截然不同。
另一方面,此次专辑的多数论文也具有显著的比较研究特征,或比较不同地区的司法管辖制度,或对同一司法管辖制度进行历时性比较。在这两种情况下,研究者都必须将法律及法律制度在所有比较组中的相似性作为比较的锚点。在一些情形下,这种相似性是形式上的,源于法律在时间维度上的形式连续性,即便其社会政治功能已发生变化。在另一些情形下,尤其是在涉及跨区域比较时,这种相似性本身必然是功能性的,并成为其他功能特征比较与对照的基础。
因此,此次专辑在很大程度上捕捉到了法律史领域整体所特有的方法论多样性与比较研究广度。这在很大程度上是精心设计的:作为本专辑的共同主编,陈利与笔者希望呈现一种以中国或东亚为中心的法律史研究切片,以此反映该领域更广泛的特质。于是,问题在于:这些论文是否仍能在某种智识意义上“凝聚成一个整体”,从而使读者从专辑整体的阅读中获得比以分散方式单独阅读每篇论文更多的收获。
我们认为答案是肯定的。将这些论文凝聚在一起的,不仅仅是它们对东亚(或中国)的共同志趣或对法律的共同关注。尤其是后者,在文章之间创造了作者在最初撰写时可能并未预料到的分析层面的联系。例如,任何关于司法实践或律师制度的研究,必然依赖于对国家在当地事务中一般角色的某些假设,而这种假设本身又必然取决于国家如何对当地行动者展开内部监控与规范。除非同时预设某种政治表达模式与司法执行机制,否则言论法或卫生法的研究将难以成立。同样,对与法律相关的政治习俗与社会规范的研究,也必须探讨法律的表达功能及其如何被社会接受。这些问题的相互关联性在时间与空间上并无太大差异:它们都以抽象但共同的方式围绕国家的核心制度展开,即便国家本身的形态与功能可能存在根本差异,罗马帝国与中国清朝即为此例。
事实上,正是此次专辑在研究主题上所呈现的巨大实质差异,真正凸显了那些可能无法回避的分析性纽带。这些纽带将它们紧密联系在一起,并由此将法律史界定为了一个研究领域。一个纵贯约两千年、横跨三大洲司法管辖区的专题研究,其文章的组成部分仍不约而同地触及国家表达、制度功能、委托-代理问题以及社会接受度等相互关联的议题。
这一切或许表明,在分析层面,“法律”是一种比“国家颁布的正式规则”更为厚重的概念。或者说,“国家颁布的正式规则”这一概念本身在功能上就已经足够厚重和复杂,以至于它本身自成一个独立的认知领域,即便学者们用以研究它的直接工具也已然包罗社会科学全域。因此,法律史研究必然同时是对法律的研究与对历史的研究,并承袭了法学研究所有的分析特征与丰富内涵。将其简单地视为历史学的一个子领域是不够的。相反,与广义的法学研究一样,法律史属于那种本质上摒弃了学科纯粹性的“联结领域”。
《亚洲法与社会杂志》2024年第3期内容摘要
01 研究论文
1. InResponse to Constitutional Crisis: The Latent Carl Schmitt in Zhang Junmai’sPolitical Thought
回应宪政危机:潜存于张君劢政治思想中的卡尔·施密特
陈丹丹(DandanChen), 纽约州立大学法明代尔州立学院
Abstract: This paper examines two responses to the global constitutional crises in thetwentieth century, with a focus on a comparison between Carl Schmitt, anotorious German political theorist and critic of liberal constitutionalism andZhang Junmai, a constitutionalist in Republican China. After the First WorldWar, both Germany and China experienced constitutional crises, which promptedcritical reflections among intellectuals. My paper is the first to discover andexamine the latent element of Carl Schmitt in Zhang Junmai’s acceptance of theWeimar Constitution. My research shows that Zhang’s 1930 article, “Hugo Preuss(Author of the New German Constitution), His Concept of the State and HisPosition in the History of German Political Theory” (德國新憲起草者柏呂斯之國家觀念及其在德國政治學說史上之地位) ishis Chinese translation of Carl Schmitt’s 1930 article, “Hugo Preuss: HisConcept of the State and His Position in German State Theory” (“Hugo Preuss:Sein Staatsbegriff und seine Stellung in der deutschen Staatslehre”). Insteadof simply regarding Zhang’s writing as plagiarism, my paper interrogates thegaps between Carl Schmitt’s original text and Zhang’s translation. By examiningthe intertextual relation between Carl Schmitt and Zhang Junmai, this paperreveals a latent aspect of the spectrum of Constitutionalism in the twentiethcentury and shows a special dialogue between a German critic ofconstitutionalism and a Chinese constitutionalist.
摘要:本文探讨了20世纪全球宪政危机的两种应对方式,重点比较了德国著名政治理论家、自由宪政主义批评者卡尔·施密特(Carl Schmitt)与中华民国宪政主义者张君劢的思想。第一次世界大战后,德国与中国都经历了宪政危机,这促使知识分子进行了批判性反思。本文首次发现并探讨了卡尔·施密特在张君劢接受魏玛宪法过程中的潜在影响。我的研究表明,张君劢于1930年发表的文章《德國新憲起草者柏呂斯之國家觀念及其在德國政治學說史上之地位》实质上是卡尔·施密特1930年文章《雨果·普鲁斯:其国家观念及其在德国国家学说中的地位》(“Hugo Preuss: Sein Staatsbegriff und seine Stellung in der deutschenStaatslehre”)的中文翻译。本文并不简单将张君劢的写作认定为抄袭,而是深入分析卡尔·施密特原文与张君劢译文之间的差异。通过考察卡尔·施密特与张君劢之间的文本互文关系,本文揭示了20世纪宪政主义谱系中一个潜在的维度,并展现了一位德国宪政主义批评者与一位中国宪政主义者之间的特殊对话。
Keywords: internal politics, externalpolitics, concept of the political, Rechtsstaat, neutral state
关键词:内政、外政、政治概念、法治国家、中立国家
2. Concretisingthe Legal Professional Community in Late Imperial China, c. 1700–1900
1700-1900年帝国晚期中国法律职业共同体的具体化
陈利(Li Chen),多伦多大学法学院历史学研究生部
Abstract: Thisarticle examines the empire-wide legal professional community that emerged forthe first time in Chinese history during the Qing period (1644–1911). Byanalyzing a wide range of archival records and primary sources, this studyprovides valuable insights into the dynamic configurations of late imperialChina’s legal culture and juridical field, as well as the thousands of legalspecialists who shaped them. The findings challenge much of the received wisdomabout late imperial China, which has too often been assumed as a Confuciansociety that discouraged the use of law and legal expertise and was thereforeunlikely to have witnessed so many Confucian literati becoming legalspecialists, both within and outside the judicial system.
摘要:本文探讨了清朝时期(1644-1911年)首次在中国历史上出现的、帝国范围内的法律职业共同体。通过分析大量档案记录和原始文献,本研究深入揭示了晚清法律文化和司法领域的动态格局,以及塑造这些格局的数千名法律专业人士。研究结果对有关晚清中国的传统认知提出了挑战。长期以来,晚清社会常被视为一个抑制法律运用和法律专业发展的儒家社会,因此不可能有如此多的儒家士人成为司法系统内外的法律专家。
Keywords: Qinglaw, legal culture, juridical field, legal professionals, Chinese legaltradition
关键词:清代法律、法律文化、司法领域、法律专业人士、中国法律传统
3. Interrogating the Drunkards and RepresentingDrunkenness in the Qing Law
清朝法制下对酗酒者的讯问与醉酒表述
郭跃斌(Jackson Yue Bin Guo),多伦多大学
Abstract:The consumption of shaojiu or distilled liquor played a significant role in Qing legal culture and contributedto a rise in alcohol-related crimes. Qing officials’ attitudes towardsintoxication not only influenced their judgments on many cases, but alsoreflected important trends of popular beliefs, notions, and practices thatconstituted shared knowledge and feelings between ordinary people and judges.This paper examines the transformation of Qing judicial practices and concernsregarding alcohol intoxication and crimes, arguing that specific cultural valueand ideas that underpinned the public configuration of drinking behaviourduring the Qing period contributed to a social pathology around intoxication.Due to the lack of a consistent interpretation of the effects of alcohol on themind, early Qing officials tended to be lenient towards intoxicated offenders.However, mid-Qing law-makers and rulers recognized the serious administrativeconcerns associated with heavy drinking and began to conceptualize it as aserious social problem.
摘要:烧酒或白酒消费在清朝法律文化中发挥着重要作用并推动了涉酒犯罪的增长。清朝官吏对醉酒的态度不仅影响着他们对许多案件的判决,也反映了公众信仰、观念和实践的重要走向。这也构成了普通人与法官的共同知识与感受。本文探讨了醉酒和犯罪在清朝引发的社会关切及其司法实践转型,并认为清朝公众饮酒行为所仰赖的特定文化价值与观念导致了一种关于醉酒的社会病态。由于缺乏一种酒精对精神影响的统一解释,清朝早期官吏往往对醉酒罪犯宽大处理。然而,清朝中期的立法者和统治者开始认识到与醉酒相关的严重行政问题,并将其概念化为一个严重的社会问题。
Keywords: intoxication; mens rea; alcohol; judicialpractice; Qing Dynasty
关键词: 醉酒,犯罪意图,酒精,司法实践,清朝
4. The Sale of Offices, Corruption, and Formalization: AComparative Study of China and France in the Seventeenth and EighteenthCenturies
官职买卖、腐败及其正式化:对17、18世纪中法两国情况的比较研究
黄新宇(Xinyu Huang),北京大学国际法学院
Abstract:This paper provides a detailed exploration of the sale of offices inChina and France in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. In France, thesale of offices became deeply integrated into the officialdom, effectivelyserving as a formal institution. It was a part of the financial framework andcontributed to the operation of the bureaucracy. However, this practice led topublic dissatisfaction due to concerns about the fairness of the judicialsystem. Conversely, in China, the sale of offices was less formalized and moredirectly associated with corruption due to the close connection with informalincome and the challenge to the formal system of imperial civil examinations. Itwas considered an ad hoc, informal, and pragmatic solution to financialemergencies. The sale of offices, in a different context, was seen as havingboth positive and negative aspects, with its impact varying, depending on thespecific function it served.
摘要:本文详细探讨了17、18世纪中、法两国的官职买卖问题。在法国,官职买卖深刻融入到了官僚体系中,实际上成为了一种正式制度。其成为法国财政制度的一部分,并有助于官僚体系的运作。但是,这导致公众对司法体系公正性的担忧,并产生不满。相反,中国官职买卖的正式化程度更低,并与腐败有更直接的关联,因为其与非正式收入关系密切,并冲击正式的科举制度。它被认为是一种旨在应对财政危机的特殊、非正式、务实的应对措施。在不同情况下,官职买卖被认为既有积极层面、也有消极层面,其影响因其所起到的具体功能而异。
Keywords: sale of offices, corruption, formalization,China, France
关键词: 官职买卖,腐败,正式化,中国,法国
5. AdulteryLaw and State Power in Early Empires: China and Rome Compared
早期帝国的通奸法与国家权力:中国与罗马的比较研究
李芸鑫(Yunxin Li), 西蒙斯大学历史系
Abstract:As ancient China and Rome transformed into empires, both states showed anincreasing interest in regulating family ethicsand individuals` sexuality. Using excavated documents and transmitted texts,this article compares legal statutes and practices against illicit consensualsex in early imperial China (221 BCE–220 CE) with those in theRoman empire. On the one hand, both legal systems aimed at consolidating socialhierarchies based on gender, status, and generation. On the other, the Romanand Chinese statutes had different emphases due to their respective political,social, and cultural contexts, and the actual penalties for adultery and incestdiffered significantly from those prescribed in the statutes. In both empires,control over individuals` sexuality facilitated state power`s penetration intothe family during empire-building, giving rise to laws in areas that had beenlargely left to customs and individual will.
摘要:随着古代中国和古罗马建立帝制,两国都对规制家庭道德和个人性行为的兴趣越来越大。本文利用出土文献和流传下来的文本,比较了早期帝制中国(公元前 221 年至公元 220 年)与罗马帝国时期禁止非法合意性行为的法律法规和实践。一方面,两国法律体系都旨在巩固基于性别、地位和世代的社会等级制度。另一方面,由于各自的政治、社会和文化背景,罗马和中国的法律有不同的侧重点,并且对通奸和乱伦的实际惩罚与法律规定有很大不同。两帝国在帝国建立过程中,对个人性行为的控制促进了国家权力渗透到家庭,在一些很大程度上受习俗和个人意志支配的领域产生了法律。
Keywords: early China, Rome, law, adultery, incest, sexuality
关键词:古代中国,罗马,法律,通奸,乱伦,性行为
6. Obligation,Informed Consent, and Health-Care Reforms in China
义务,知情同意和中国的医疗改革
刘佳(Jia Liu),华南理工大学公共政策研究院
Abstract: Drawing on recent jurisprudential literature that emphasizes the role andfunction performed by obligation, this article examines how the ethicaldoctrine of informed consent has been implemented in the context of health-carereforms in China. It argues that, while the Chinese incorporation of informedconsent has sought to empower patients, the major medical laws and socialpolicies fail to instantiate the obligations. Along with this failure, theChinese medical laws have also failed to secure the bond of trust between them.This article also points out that a rounded analysis of the implementation ofinformed consent in China must take into account the obligation and function ofthe major components of the health-care delivery system other than physiciansand hospitals, such as health-care insurance schemes.
摘要:在近期强调义务的作用与功能的法理学文献基础上,本文探讨了知情同意伦理原则在中国医疗改革中的实施情况。本文认为,尽管中国在引入知情同意制度时旨在赋能患者,但主要的医疗法和社会政策未能真正落实相关义务。此外,这种缺失还导致中国医疗法未能有效保障医患之间的信任关系。本文还指出,要全面分析知情同意在中国的实施情况,必须考虑到医疗服务体系中除医生和医院之外的主要组成部分(如医疗保险制度)的义务和功能。
Keywords: obligation,informed consent, medical law, health-care reform, China
关键词:义务、知情同意、医疗法、医疗改革、中国
7. Re-cloisteredFeminine Space: Chinese Women’s Prison in Shanghai, 1888–1912
重新封闭的女性空间:1888年至1912年中国上海的女子监狱
马超然(Chaoran Ma), 多伦多大学历史系
Abstract:Thisarticle examines China’s first women’s prison in the context of diplomaticdisputes, legal reforms, and gender order at the turn of the twentieth century.It shows that the custody of female offenders in the Shanghai InternationalSettlement became a battleground in which the interests and perceptions of lateimperial China and the Western authorities clashed. Under pressure from theWestern authorities, the first Chinese women’s prison was established in 1907,even prior to the formal introduction of custodial sentences into China’scriminal code. Notably, the Chinese officials did not embrace prison as a morebenevolent punitive institution; rather, they saw it more as a tool toconsolidate its judicial sovereignty and preserve gender norms. For Chinesewomen, the prison, functioning as a re-cloistered feminine space, furtherentrenched the confinement of their bodies, thereby perpetuating rather thanchanging orthodox values of female chastity. This article questions theuniversal modernity of European penalties by pointing out that the introductionof imprisonment as a supposedly more civilized and humane form of punishmentmay have placed Chinese women at a greater disadvantage.
摘要:本文考察了20世纪初中国第一所女子监狱在外交争端、法律改革和性别秩序背景下的设立情况。文章表明,在上海公共租界中,女性罪犯的监禁问题成为了晚清中国与西方当局利益和观念冲突的战场。在西方当局的压力下,中国于1907年建立了第一所女子监狱,甚至早于监禁刑罚被正式纳入中国刑法的时间。值得注意的是,中国官员并没有将监狱视为一种更为仁慈的惩罚机构;相反,他们更多地将其视为巩固司法主权和维护性别规范的工具。对于中国女性而言,监狱作为一种重新封闭的女性空间,进一步限制了她们的身体自由,从而延续而非改变了传统的贞操价值观。本文质疑欧洲刑罚的普遍现代性,指出监禁作为一种被认为更加文明和人道的惩罚形式,可能反而使中国女性处于更加不利的地位。本文对欧洲刑罚的普遍现代性提出质疑,指出监禁作为一种更为文明、更为人道的惩罚形式,可能反而使中国女性处于更为不利的地位。
Keywords: women’s prison, diplomatic dispute, legal reform,gender order, modern China
关键词: 女子监狱,外交争端,法律改革,性别秩序,近现代中国
8. Ideological andCultural Policy as Speech Policy: An Overlooked Aspect of Free Speech in China(1940s–2000s)
作为言论政策的思想文化政策:中国言论自由被忽视的一面(1940年代-2000年代)
左亦鲁(Yilu Zuo),北京大学法学院
Abstract:Free speech scholars havebeen preoccupied with laws, regulations, judicial opinions, and othertraditional “legal” materials. However, this article examines anoften-overlooked object in at least studying China’s speech rights—theideological and cultural policy of the party-state. The party-state’sideological and cultural policy has not only, for better or worse, profoundlyshaped speech rights in China; and more significantly and paradoxically, italso contains the seed that might promote China’s speech rights in the future.The party-state has had a long and deep-rooted tradition of promoting ademocratic culture; by tracing the development of this tradition from the 1940sto the 2000s, this article argues that it may provide a new context and anglefor thinking about people’s right to cultural construction and perhaps freespeech in general in China.
摘要:言论自由领域的学者往往聚焦于法律、法规、裁判意见以及其他传统意义上的“法律”素材。与之相异,本文考查了一个至少在中国言论权利研究中常被忽视的对象——党和国家的思想文化政策。党和国家的思想文化政策,深刻塑造了中国的言论权利;更为重要和复杂的是,其中还蕴含着推动中国言论权利未来发展的潜力。党和国家在提倡民主文化方面拥有悠久而深厚的传统。通过回溯这一传统自1940年代至2000年代的发展历程,本文试图为思考中国人民的文化建设权利乃至更为广泛的言论自由权利提供新的背景和视角。
Keywords: free speech, ideological and cultural policy, speech policy, ChineseConstitution, cultural construction
关键词: 言论自由,思想文化政策,言论政策,中国宪法,文化建设
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友情链接:
专辑前言原文链接:
https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/asian-journal-of-law-and-society/article/foreword/8D5442037964FAB606ED261057193E26
《亚洲法与社会杂志》2024年第3期链接:
https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/asian-journal-of-law-and-society/latest-issue
《亚洲法与社会杂志》官网链接:
https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/asian-journal-of-law-and-society
专辑前言翻译:张艺玮
内容摘要翻译:马万仪、赵碧凡、
张艺玮、庄祥、杨柳、梁朱祥
翻译审核:陈曦宜