一、研究论文

Resilience through Synergy? The Legal Complex in Sri Lanka’s Constitutional Crisis

通过协同实现韧性？斯里兰卡宪法危机中的法律职业复合体

Dinesha Samararatne，科伦坡大学法学院公共与国际法系，墨尔本大学法学院比较宪法学桂冠项目

Abstract:

What types of institutional dynamics and conditions allow constitutional resilience in the face of attempts at undermining gains in a constitutional democracy? Using Sri Lanka as a case-study, I claim that the legal complex acting in synergy with independent public institutions (the Speaker of the Parliament) and civil society can produce constitutional resilience. Synergy between the legal complex and these institutions can transform constitutional vulnerability into constitutional resilience. I argue therefore that the legal complex theory must be extended to consider the ways in which it can work in synergy with other public institutions in being resilient against attempts at rolling back gains for constitutional democracy. I argue further that synergy between the legal complex and formal and informal institutions over the short term can only result in “simple” constitutional resilience. The development of “reflexive” constitutional resilience requires long-term synergy between the legal complex and other public institutions.

摘要：

当面对破坏宪政民主成果的企图时，哪些类型的制度动态和条件可以容许一种宪法韧性（constitutional resilience）的存在？以斯里兰卡为例，我提出，与独立公共机构（议会议长）以及民间社会协同作用的法律职业复合体（legal complex）可以产生宪法韧性。法律职业复合体和这些制度之间的协同作用可以将宪法的脆弱性转化为宪法的韧性。因此，我认为，法律职业复合体理论必须扩展，通过考虑它可以与其他公共制度协同工作的方式，以抵御那些试图回滚宪政民主成果的企图。我进一步认为，法律职业复合体与正式、非正式机构在短期内的协同作用只会带来“简单”的宪法韧性。 “反思性”宪法韧性的发展需要法律职业复合体和其他公共制度之间长期的协同作用。

Keywords: constitutional resilience; constitutional vulnerability; Sri Lanka; legal complex theory; constitutional crisis

关键词：宪法韧性；宪法脆弱性；斯里兰卡；法律职业复合体理论；宪法危机

Politics and the Federal Court of Malaysia, 1960-2018: An Empirical Investigation

政治与马来西亚联邦法院，1960-2018： 一项实证调查

Björn Dressel，澳大利亚国立大学克劳福特公共政策学院副教授

Tomoo Inoue，筑波大学教授

Abstract:

Since its inception in 1957, Malaysia’s Federal Court (FC) has often been embroiled in high-profile decisions that have dramatically shaped the rule of law and constitutional practice in Malaysia. Recent political change has renewed hope that the FC can reassert its early role as an independent and impartial arbiter of political conflict. This paper investigates determinants of the FC’s behaviour since 1960. It draws on a unique data set of 102 major political cases and socio-biographic profiles of the 73 judges who voted in these cases. After describing patterns of court decisions across time and judges, we test specifically for the impact on their decisions of the 1988 judicial crisis, length of time on the bench, the terms of successive prime ministers, and judges’ personal attributes, such as religion and ethnicity. Ethnicity, appointment after 1988, and the appointing prime minister proved to be closely associated with the direction of voting. We then position the results in the context of Malaysia’s evolving constitutional democracy and discuss their implications for students of comparative judicial politics.

摘要：

自 1957 年成立以来，马来西亚联邦法院经常卷入一些引人注目的裁决，这些裁决极大地塑造了马来西亚的法治和宪法实践。最近的政治变化重新燃起了人们对于马来西亚联邦法院能够重新确立其早期作为独立和公正的政治冲突仲裁者角色的希望。本文探究了自 1960 年以来决定联邦法院行为的因素。我们运用了一个独特的数据集，该数据集包含 102 个主要政治案件以及在这些案件中投票的 73 名法官的社会生平资料。在描述了跨时间的和跨法官的法院判决模式之后，我们专门测试了 1988 年司法危机对他们判决的影响、在法官席位上的时间长短、历任总理的任期以及法官的个人特征（如宗教和种族）。种族、1988 年之后的任命情况以及任命的总理被证明与投票方向密切相关。接着，我们将结果放在马来西亚不断发展的宪政民主背景下，并讨论它们对于比较司法政治学研究者的影响。

Keywords: Empirical study, Federal Court of Malaysia

关键词：经验研究；马来西亚联邦法院

Role of Clients, Lawyers, Judges, and Institutions in Hiking Litigation Costs in Bangladesh: An Empirical Study

客户、律师、法官和机构在孟加拉国诉讼成本提升中的作用：一项实证研究

Ummey Tahura，澳大利亚麦考瑞大学法学院博士生，孟加拉国法官

Abstract:

This paper investigates how individuals such as judges, lawyers, clients, and court staffers as well as institutions are elevating litigation costs in Bangladesh in multiple ways. It explores how the existing law and procedures as well as key institutions further promote case delay. It also examines the ways in which police departments and the prosecution contribute to elongate criminal trials and invite additional litigation costs. Empirical data collected through in-depth interviews are analyzed, drawing propositions to individuals’ contributions to delay in case-processing time and hike up litigation costs. Data analysis also assesses common people’s perceptions and expectations from the justice sector. Contemporary legal research has been critically analyzed, where needed.

摘要：

本文的调查对象是孟加拉国的法官、律师、客户和法院工作人员等个人与机构如何以多种方式提高了该国的诉讼成本。本文探讨既有法律、程序及关键机构如何进一步加剧了案件的拖延。本文还研究了警察部门和检方促成刑事审判的延长进而造成额外诉讼费用的方式。通过对深入访谈所收集之经验数据的研究，本文得出了关于个人对案件处理时间的拖延和诉讼成本增加起到作用的结论。数据分析部分地评估了普通人对于司法部门的看法与期望。必要处，本文还对当代法律研究进行了批判性分析。

Keywords: litigation cost; Bangladesh legal system; empirical research; individual and institutional contribution

关键词：诉讼成本；孟加拉国司法系统；经验研究；个体与机构的贡献

A Quantitative Analysis of Legislation with Harsher Punishment in Japan

对日本更严厉刑罚立法的定量分析

Shunsuke Kyo，日本中京大学法学院

Abstract:

The purpose of this study is to show how the Japanese government has created laws with harsher punishment since the 1990s. While a tendency toward harsher punishment is common in advanced Western countries, a similar tendency in Japan has prompted scholarly discussion on whether it can be understood through the “penal-populism” framework. However, it lacks in systematic evidence. This study presents three findings that differ from previous studies through a quantitative analysis of legislation with harsher punishment. First, while previous literature argues that the legislation increased in the latter half of the 1990s, this study shows that it peaked in the middle of the 2000s. Second, while previous literature argues that the bureaucrats of the Ministry of Justice promote the legislation, this study shows that it is caused by every ministry’s drafting Bills. Third, this study shows that it does not quantitatively avoid partisan conflicts, contrary to the prediction of the “penal-populism” theory.

摘要：

本研究旨在说明日本政府自20世纪90年代以来是如何制定出刑罚更严厉的法律的。虽然在西方发达国家，刑罚严厉化的倾向是很常见的，但日本的类似倾向已经引起了学者们关于是否可以通过“刑罚——民粹主义”框架来理解它的讨论。然而，这缺乏系统的证据。本研究通过对更严厉刑罚的立法进行定量分析，提出了三个不同于以往研究的结论。首先，以往文献认为，立法在20世纪90年代后半期增加，而本研究表明，它在21世纪中期达到顶峰。第二，以往文献认为，司法部的官僚推动了立法，而本研究表明，它是由各部门起草的法案造成的。第三，本研究表明，与“刑罚——民粹主义”理论的预测相反，刑罚更为严厉的立法并没有在数量上避免党派性冲突。

Keywords: (harsher) punishment; penal populism; legislation; criminal policy; Japan

关键词：（更严厉的）刑罚；刑罚民粹主义；立法；刑事政策；日本

Legitimation of Illegality in Authoritarian States: The Case of Transnational Illegal Drug Brokerage in China

威权主义国家中非法性的正当化：中国的跨国非法药品代购案

Lantian Li，西北大学社会学系博士生

Abstract:

This paper analyzes how illegality can be legitimized in authoritarian states by examining a contested case of transnational illegal drug brokerage in China. Triangulating news articles, legal documents, and interviews, the study distinguishes between two pathways of illegality legitimation: depoliticized and politicized. I argue that the depoliticized pathway is made possible through pragmatic, moral, and legalistic frames, whereas the politicized pathway builds upon an institutional frame. I also identify the media as essential agents of illegality legitimation. While illegal-practice participants and the legal authority tend to only mobilize depoliticized frames, the media make both depoliticized and politicized efforts. Through this in-depth analysis, the paper deepens our understanding of the social construction of illegality and the intricate relation between law, media, and society within authoritarian states.

摘要：

本文通过审查一起在中国有争议的跨国非法药品代购案件，分析了非法性在威权主义国家如何被正当化。通过对新闻报道、法律文件和访谈进行三角分析，本研究区分了非法性正当化的两种途径：去政治化和政治化。本文讨论了去政治化的途径是通过实用主义、道德和法律的框架成为可能的，而政治化的途径则是建立在制度的框架之上。我认为，媒体是非法性正当化的重要媒介。非法实践的参与者和法律权威倾向于只调动去政治化的框架，而媒体则同时作出去政治化和政治化的努力。通过这个深入分析，本文加深了我们对威权主义国家中非法性的社会建构以及法律、媒体和社会之间错综复杂的关系的理解。

Keywords: illegality; legitimation; media; China; authoritarian state

关键词: 非法性；正当化；媒体；中国；威权主义国家

Suspended Execution beyond China’s Borders

中国大陆地区以外的死刑缓期执行制度

Tobias Smith，Ohlone学院助理教授

Daniel Pascoe，香港城市大学法学院

Abstract:

Although China remains the world’s most prolific death-penalty jurisdiction, it has also reportedly reduced executions in the twenty-first century. China achieved this reduction in part through the use of a nominal capital sentence called “suspended execution.” The success of suspended execution as a diversionary tool has produced calls for its introduction elsewhere. However, there has been no empirical research on suspended execution outside China. This article fills this gap by identifying neighbouring countries where suspended-execution proposals have been considered, determining why these countries considered it, and examining how proposals were structured. We identify four Asian jurisdictions—Taiwan, Japan, Vietnam, and Indonesia. We find that all of these countries looked to China for inspiration; each did so independently and for reasons unrelated to China’s death-penalty reforms. Our findings provide insights about capital punishment in Asia, the appeal of suspended execution, and the role of China in regional penal practice.

摘要：

尽管中国的死刑判决量仍居于全球首位，但据报道，其在21世纪的死刑执行已然出现下降。这部分是由于中国运用了一种名为“缓期执行”的名义上的死刑。死刑缓期作为实现转变之工具的成功，引发了其他地区引进这一制度的呼声。然而，目前还没有关于中国大陆以外地区的死刑缓期制度的实证研究。为填补此空隙，本文将识别出已然对死刑缓期方案予以考虑的相邻法域，查证这些法域考虑这一制度的原因，并研究这些制度提案的具体结构。我们确认了四处亚洲法域，分别是台湾地区、日本、越南和印度尼西亚。我们发现以上法域都参照中国以获取制度改革的灵感；他们相互独立地进行了制度改革而改革的原因与中国的死刑改革无关。我们的研究结果会为亚洲的死刑刑罚、死刑缓期的上诉以及中国在区域性刑事实践中的角色等提供见解。

Keywords: death penalty; China; legal diffusion; suspended execution; comparative criminal law

关键词：死刑；中国；法律的传播；死刑缓期执行；比较刑法学

二、书评

Extra-Territorial Law of Deaths and Injuries in Semi-Colonial Siam

“半殖民暹罗关于伤亡的涉外法律”，作者Piya Pangsapa

Sovereign Necropolis: The Politics of Death in Semi-Colonial Siam. By Trais Pearson. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2020. xii + 252 pp. Hardcover $49.95

《主权墓园：半殖民暹罗的死亡政治》，作者Trais PEARSON

Legal History of Anti-Asian Racism in America

“美国的反亚裔种族主义法律史”，作者Jonathan Van Harmelen

The Rise and Fall of America’s Concentration Camp Law: Civil Liberties Debates from the Internment to McCarthyism and the Radical 1960s. By Masumi IZUMI. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 2019. 274 pp. Hardcover $69.50

《美国集中营法律的兴衰：从战争囚禁到麦肯锡主义到激进60年代的民权辩论》，作者Masumi IZUMI

The State and the Corporation as Legal Fictions: Original Nation and Dissent

“作为法律虚构的国家和法团：原始的国家和异议”，作者Archie Zariski

Original Nation Approaches to Inter-National Law: The Quest for the Rights of Indigenous Peoples and Nature in the Age of Anthropocene. By Hiroshi FUKURAI & Richard KROOTH. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2021. xxii + 370 pp. Hardcover $127.99 doi:10.1007/978–3–030–59273–8

《接近国际法的原始国家方式：在人类纪追寻原始人类和自然的权利》，作者Hiroshi FUKURAI & Richard KROOTH