《亚洲法与社会杂志》2024年第2期杂志内容提要
研究论文
“Land Without Identifiable Ownership” in the Post-East Japan Earthquake Recovery: Lawful Land-Grabbing in Neoliberal Japan
东日本大地震灾后重建之“所有者不明土地”：日本新自由主义思潮下的合法化土地掠夺
金子由芳 (Yuka Kaneko)，神户大学
Abstract:
This paper, with a focus on the status of tsunami disaster victims affected by the 2011 East Japan Earthquake, investigates into the status of private property rights in facing with the reviving legal instrumentalism in Japan, under the campaign of land law reform for the elimination of “land without identifiable owners” in the name of facilitating the disaster recovery, by means of the “special zone” method or the designation of lawless areas where the normal time law is excluded, with the particularly targeted area for such exclusion being the constitutional requirements of due process and fair compensation in public taking. Under the extraordinary setting of absolute majority of conservative party at the National Diet in the aftermath of the 2011 great disaster, legislations in Japan during this decade have been characterized by a manifestation of neo-liberal policy, driving the entire Japanese legal system into a corner. Facts observed in present Japanese society are not different from those observed in other authoritarian regimes in Asia, including the phenomenon of “land grabbing” by the governmental projects, which Asia once experienced a century ago for the colonial land enclosure by “wasteland management.”
摘要:
本文聚焦2011年东日本大地震继发海啸所波及灾民之情状，探究日本法律工具主义复兴背景下以促进灾后重建为名、旨在消除“所有者不明土地”的土地改革运动中私有财产权的状况。该运动通过采用“特区”方法，即划定不受制于现行法律的区域，尤其规避了宪法关于正当程序和公开征用公平补偿的要求。2011年大地震劫后，在国会保守党占据绝对多数席位的特殊背景下，新自由主义政策成为十年来日本立法的风向标，使得整个日本法律体系陷入困境。现今日本社会所观察到的事实与亚洲其他专制政权无异，其中包括政府项目“掠夺土地”的现象，而上世纪亚洲便曾经历以“荒地管理”为名的殖民圈地运动。
Keywords: land registration, disaster recovery, Civil Code of Japan, land-grabbing, legal instrumentalism
关键词：土地登记，灾后重建，日本民法典，土地掠夺，法律工具主义
Collective Voice without Collective Bargaining: Pandemic Induced Wage Theft Claims and Worker Responses in Apparel Supply Chains
不借助集体谈判的集体发声：新冠疫情服装供应链中引发的工资盗窃维权和工人回应
阿查莉·库马拉热（Achalie Kumarage)，澳洲国立大学、伍伦贡大学
Abstract：
Concentrated corporate power and failures to manage the distribution of risk mean that workers bear the heaviest burden in globalised apparel supply chains. Law and associated normative frameworks seek to strengthen collective worker voice and other worker rights to tip the scales of unequal bargaining power to benefit the workers. However, some of the traditional tools of labour law such as unionising and collective bargaining have weakened over the years and exacerbated during the COVID- 19 pandemic. Using a conceptual framework based on regulatory theory, feminist insights, and semi- autonomous social fields, this article examines the law-practice gap for regulating just wages within the apparel supply chain, responses, and how workers fight wage theft and carve out pathways to demand just wage standards. Drawing from the case of Sri Lanka, the article discusses how alternative forms of worker voice seek to fill in the implementation gaps. The findings of this study demonstrate worker initiatives to shape the regulation of just wages and how networked labour activism, especially by women workers, prompts to re-imagine structures of actor accountability on wage rights.
摘要：
企业权力的集中和风险分配管理的失败意味着工人在全球化的服装供应链中承受着最重的负担。法律和相关规范框架旨在加强工人的集体声音和其他工人权利，以扭转不平等谈判能力的局面使工人受益。然而，多年来，成立工会和集体谈判这样传统的劳动法手段已被削弱，这一情形在新冠肺炎(COVID-19)疫情期间进一步恶化。本文使用基于规制理论、女权主义视角和半自治社会领域的概念框架，探讨了服装供应链中规制工资的法律与实践之间的差距、应对措施，以及工人如何反抗工资盗窃和开辟主张公平工资标准的途径。本文以斯里兰卡为例，讨论了工人发声的另一种形式如何试图填补实践方面的差异。本研究结果表明，工人们采取了各种措施来制定公平的工资制度，以及多网联合的劳工行动主义（尤其是女工的行动主义）如何促使人们重新认识行动主体在工资权利方面的归责结构。
Keywords: apparel supply chains, labour rights, women workers, networked regulation, semi- autonomous social fields
关键词: 服装供应链，劳工权利，女工，多网联合规制，半自治社会领域
A Dynamic Theory of Prosecutorial Roles in Adversarial Trials
对抗制审判中检察官角色的动态理论
阿鲁希·加尔格 （Arushi Garg)，剑桥大学犯罪学研究所
Abstract：
Prosecutors in adversarial systems are simultaneously expected to be impartial ministers of justice and partisan advocates. Leaving this tension unaddressed can result in poor-quality prosecutorial decision-making. This article develops a novel “dynamic” framework for prosecutors to navigate between and prioritize these competing considerations, which can be used to understand, evaluate, and improve prosecutorial performance. Under this framework, the prioritization should depend on which function the prosecutor is exercising at any given time. The article then deploys primary data collected in Delhi, through court observation and interviews with judges, lawyers, victims, and victim-support persons, to exemplify and justify the framework.
摘要：
检察官在对抗性的诉讼制度中承担了两种角色：公共利益的维护者和有偏护的诉讼代理人。这两种角色之间的矛盾如果不加以解决，就可能会导致检察官做出低质量的检察决策。本文提出了一种全新的“动态”框架，以便检察官在相互冲突的要求之间进行权衡与排序。该框架也可用于理解、评估和改善检察官的表现。根据这一框架，检察官的优先事项应取决于其在特定时间内所行使的职能。本文将通过法庭观察，以及对法官、律师、受害者和受害者支持人员的访谈，利用在德里收集的原始数据，来说明和论证该框架的合理性。
Keywords: criminal justice, prosecutors, victims, trials, adversarial systems, India
关键词: 刑事司法，检察官，受害者，审判，对抗性诉讼制度，印度
Baffled Labelling: Making Sense of the Intertwined Relationship between Fundraising Fraud and Illegally Taking in Deposits from the General Public in Chinese Criminal Law
令人困惑的分类：解析中国刑法中集资诈骗与非法吸收公共存款的复杂关系
Yu Mou，伦敦大学亚非学院法学院
Abstract：
Fundraising fraud is one of the most serious and complicated financial crimes in China. It has an intertwined relationship with a regulatory offence, known as illegally taking in deposits from the general public (ITIDFGP). In judicial practice, ITIDFGP works as the downgraded form of fundraising fraud. This article explores why fundraising fraud is identified as financial fraud whereas ITIDFGP is a regulatory offence. The paper discerns the essence of fraud in Chinese criminal law and critically examines the concept of “intention to possess illegally.” It argues that ITIDFGP should be classified as a form of fraud de jure, although, in reality, there are policy considerations behind its categorization as a regulatory offence. The paper also suggests that the role played by the socioeconomic policy in Chinese criminal-law legislation should be fully acknowledged.
摘要：
在中国，集资诈骗是极为严重且复杂的金融犯罪之一。它与一类被称为非法吸收公众存款（ITIDFGP）的监管违规行为有着错综复杂的关系。在司法实践中，非法吸收公众存款往往作为集资诈骗的一种降级形式出现。本文探讨了为何集资诈骗被认定为金融诈骗，而非法吸收公众存款则被视为一种监管违规行为。同时，本文剖析了中国刑法中欺诈的本质，并对“非法占有目的”的概念进行了批判性分析。本文提出，虽然基于某些政策考量，非法吸收公众存款实际上被归类为一种监管违规行为，但从法律角度而言，其应被视为欺诈的一种形式。此外，本文还认为，在中国的刑法立法过程中，社会经济政策所起的作用应当得到充分承认。
Keywords: fundraising fraud, illegally taking in deposits from the general public, financial fraud, Chinese criminal law
关键词: 集资诈骗，非法吸收公众存款，金融诈骗，中国刑法
Polyjuralism Meets Polyglotism: An LL.B. in Chinese Law and Global Legal Studies in the English Language
多元法律体系与多语种的交汇：英文授课的“中国法与全球法律研究”学士学位项目
唐晓晴（Io Cheng Tong），澳门大学法学院；罗斯坦·J·纽沃斯（Rostam J. Neuwirth），澳门大学法学院全球法律研究系；李可（Ke Li），澳门大学法学全球法律研究系
Abstract:
The omnipresence of change has been singled out as posing an important challenge to law, both in theory and in practice, throughout its history. Arguably, the most efficient method of adapting the law to constant changes is legal education. Recent changes in the global arena have added to the complexity of the expected role of future legal talents, requiring them to acquire not only a profound knowledge of local and global laws but also a variety of legal as well as non-legal skills. This article presents some of the principal challenges faced by law schools and legal education in the world of today. These challenges are then explored using the example of a new Bachelor of Laws (LL.B.) degree programme in Chinese Law and Global Legal Studies in the English Language that will be offered by the Faculty of Law of the University of Macau in Macao, China.
摘要：
在整个法律历史的进程中，无处不在的变化对法学理论和法律实践均构成了重要的挑战。可以说，使法律适应持续变化的最有效方式是法学教育。国际舞台的最新变化增加了未来法律人才预期角色的复杂性，法律人才不仅要习得丰富的本土和国际法律知识，还要学会一系列法律和非法律的技能。本文展示当今世界范围内的法学院系和法学教育面临的主要挑战，并以位于中国澳门的澳门大学法学院即将开设的“中国法与全球法律研究”学士学位新项目为例对这些挑战进行考察。
Keywords: legal education, future law, Chinese law, global legal studies, polyjuralism, polyglotism
关键词：法学教育，未来法学，中国法，全球法律研究，多元法律体系，多语种
书评
Science of Norms as the Next Phase of the Sociology of Law and Socio-Legal Scholarship - Sociology of Law as the Science of Norms. By Hakan Hyden, New York: Routledge, 2022, 328 pp. Paperback, US$52.00
《作为规范科学的法律社会学》，作者：Hakan Hyden
Justice and Rape Trials in Rural India - Semiotics of Rape: Sexual Subjectivity and Violation in Rural India. By Rupal Oza. Durham and London: Duke University Press, 2023. xxvii + 208 pp. $99.95
《强奸的符号学：印度农村的性主体性与侵犯行为》，作者：Rupal Oza
翻译：
（按篇章顺序排序）
张雨欣、李欣睿、沈钰婕、马万仪、袁龙明越
校对：
陈曦宜